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5
MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
Rev 2 | 6.09
I
n order to better understand what affects a modular building’s potential for LEED certication
and the way LEED certication scores are compiled it is necessary to consider the following
observations and conditions that inform the LEED certication process
LEED prerequisites and credit opportunities fall into three broad areas of
concern:
Context and Community Connectivity. These issues are largely a function of where the project is located.
They are not specic to modular building practice, processes or products. A project using modular building
techniques is subject to the opportunities or limitations inherent in good site selection the same as any
other project.
Architectural, Engineering and Construction Choices. These are the decisions that comprise how a proj-
ect is designed and constructed. Material selection, construction techniques, building systems selection,
installation and controls and most other decisions that pertain to building envelope, mechanical, electrical
and plumbing systems and space conditioning are in this category. Modular building offers signicant
opportunities for environmental stewardship, economic opportunity, LEED certication and market pen-
etration in this area. Material handling, optimal construction conditions and environmental control during
construction all can contribute to attaining LEED credits and attendant points. Much of this report is
focused on this area.
Construction Administration and Processes. These include such activities as commissioning, construction
waste management, maintaining superior interior air quality during construction and before occupancy and
measurement and verication. Like Context and Community Connectivity, Construction Administration
and Processes are not specic to modular construction. Instead they are prerequisites and credit oppor-
tunities that are common to all construction and the project as a whole. However, commissioning can be
done under optimal factory conditions, construction waste management and material recycling can occur
under tight factory control and construction documentation can be very efcient. All of this can make LEED
credit compliance and documentation very efcient.
Modular Building and the
LEED Building Rating System
Description Y M N Modular Building Issues
Construction
Activity Pollution
Prevention
This is a general requirement for most building projects. Modular units need to
be placed within the guidelines of good site management practice.
Environmental Site
Assessment LEED
for Schools
Placement of modular units needs to comply with the distance requirements of
this prerequisite.
Site Selection Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Development
Density and
Community
Connectivity
Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Brownfield
Redevelopment
Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Public
Transportation
Access
Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Alt. Transportation
Bicycle Storage
and Changing
Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
Alt. Transportation
Low Emitting and
Fuel Efficient Veh.
Credit requirements are not specific to building type.
SS CR 4.1
Evidence of the mass transit elements and / or the district
demographics regarding the percentage of the school
population that is within walking distance.
SUSTAINABLE SITES
SS CR 2
Evidence that the project and surrounding projects meet
or exceed 60,00 sq. ft. / acre or the community criteria
enterprises are present within 1/2 mile.
SS CR 3
Projects can only obtain this point via SS Prerequisite 2 by
remediating the site.
Prereq. 2
Credit
Erosion and sediment control drawing and narrative.
Confirm compliance path.
Evidence that all six limiting factors have been observed.
Attaining the Sustainable Sites Credits is largely a matter of project context. They are not specific to the physical qualities or attributes of modular building with the exception
on SS Credit 7.2 : Heat Island Effect - Roof
Evidence that the site is not within 1000 feet of a landfill.
ASTM Phase I or Phase II Site Assessment.
Submittal Requirement
Prereq. 1
SS CR 1
Required
Required
SS CR 4.2
SS CR 4.3
Option One: Convert vehicles serving the school to 20%
alternative fuels. Option Two: Provide preferred parking
for 5% of the total vehicle parking off the site and at least
one designated drop off area for low emitting and fuel
efficient vehicles.
LEED Evaluation Matrix - Modular Building Institute
Calculate FTE and transient (student and visitor)
populations. Drawings showing bike racks and showers.
Need two or more safe bike paths to the edge of the site.
The LEED tables and attendant narrative that
follow at the end of this document are provided
to illustrate how modular building practices and
products align with the goals of high perfor-
mance green building and the USGBC’s LEED
building rating system. Each is presented as a
reection of current industry practice. The“Y
MN”columnsareprovidedtohelptheread-
erselfevaluateprojects.Thelettersstandfor
“Yes”, “Maybe” and “No”, referring to the
likelihoodofeachofthecreditsintheproject
underconsideration.
They are provided only as
a guide to assist the reader in understanding the
application of LEED and how it can be used to
evaluate different products and projects.
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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T
he Sustainable Sites Category in LEED
2009 has one Prerequisite and twenty six
possible points. The additional weight
given to credits and points in this category are in
SS Credits 2 through 4.4, none of which have a
direct bearing on modular building.
SS Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect – Roof is the
only Credit in this category that is a matter of
design and construction of a modular unit. The
Prerequisites and all other credits in this cate-
gory are a function of context and community
connectivity. In order to achieve SS credit 7.2
modular construction must meet the require-
ments for solar reective index or SRI in the
roong material(s) used over 75% of the roof
area. These are SRI of 29 for roof areas of more
than 2 in 12 and SRI of 78 for roof areas in ex-
cess of 2 in 12.
Modular construction may also have unique at-
tributes regarding SS Credit 6.1 – Site Develop-
ment - Protect and Restore Habitat. Option One
in this credit applies to construction done on
green elds or sites not previously disturbed or
developed. It rewards construction techniques
that limit site disturbance and keep disturbed ar-
eas to within the areas immediately adjacent to
the building footprint. The intent of the credit is
to stay within forty feet of the building perimeter,
within ten feet of sidewalks and utility trenches
serving connection of ten inches in Diameter or
less, within 15 feet of trenches with larger utility
connections and within twenty ve feet of areas
intended to remain permeable.
Because modular components and complete
modular building units are fabricated off site
and delivered by a variety of over the road trans-
port it is possible to achieve tighter site control
and less disturbed area in the project perimeter.
Industry representatives need to coordinate de-
livery of modular components with contractors
to insure the site tolerances for SS Credit 6.1 can
be maintained.
SS Credit 9 – Site Master Plan and SS Credit 10
– Joint use of Facilities are specic to LEED for
schools and are not reliant on either conventional
or modular construction for credit compliance.
Even though the majority of the credits in the
Sustainable Sites category are not a function of
construction techniques it is important for stake-
holders in the modular building industry to un-
derstand the overall intent and requirements of
each credit. Proper siting or placement of modu-
lar units can contribute to improved daylighting,
natural ventilation, better storm water manage-
ment, more efcient site lighting and a host of
other sustainable design and development im-
provements that contribute to a more energy, ma-
terial and resource efcient project.
Sustainable Sites
and Modular Building
MBI 2009 Awards of Distinction:
Green Building Winners
Waldorf School, Charlottesville, VA
Jim Russell Racing Drivers School, Sonoma, CA
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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How are modular structures more benecial?
Modular construction techniques have been shown to be inherently advantageous in 7 major areas:
Less Materials Waste – Pre-fabrication makes it possible to optimize construction materials pur-
chases and usage while minimizing on-site waste and offering a higher quality product to the buyer. Bulk
materials are delivered to the manufacturing facility where they are stored in a protected environment safe
from theft and exposure to the environmental conditions of a job site.
Less Material Exposure to Inclement Weather – Many of the indoor air quality issues identied in
new construction result from high moisture levels in the framing materials. Because the modular structure
is substantially completed in a factory-controlled setting using dry materials, the potential for high levels of
moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated.
Less Site Disturbance – The modular structure is constructed off-site simultaneous to foundation
and other site work, thereby reducing the time and impact on the surrounding site environment, as well as
reducing the number of vehicles and equipment needed at the site.
Safer Construction – Modular construction is a safer alternative. Conventional construction workers
regularly work in less than ideal conditions dealing with temperature extremes, rain, wind, or any combina-
tion of natural conditions. This, by its very nature, is a much more challenging environment to work safely
in. Additionally, the potential for injury including falls, the most common work site risk, is much higher. In
a factory controlled setting, each worker is typically assigned to a work station supplied with all the ap-
propriate equipment needed to provide the safest work environment possible. Off-site construction also
eliminates the hazards associated with materials, equipment and an incomplete construction processes
typical of construction sites that can attract curious and unwelcome “visitors” (i.e. students on a school
expansion project).
Flexibility – When the needs change, modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules relo-
cated or refurbished for their next use reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount
of energy expended to create a building to meet the new need. In essence, the entire building can be
recycled in some cases.
Adaptability – Modular buildings are frequently designed to quickly add or remove one or more “mod-
ules” minimizing disruptions to adjacent buildings and surroundings.
Built to Code With Shorter Build Times – The bottom line is that with modular construction you can
get a facility built to the same local codes with construction quality as good as or better than a comparable
site built building in much less time. Additionally, the abbreviated construction schedule allows you to get
a return on your investment sooner while minimizing the exposure to the risks commonly associated with
protracted construction schedules.
source: Modular Building Institute
MBI 2009 Awards of Distinction:
Green Building Winners
Waldorf School, Charlottesville, VA
Jim Russell Racing Drivers School, Sonoma, CA
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
Rev 2 | 6.09
www.modular.org :: 2009 :: The Modular Building Institute
L
EED rewards project stakeholders for ap-
preciating where our water comes from,
how we use and recycle it while we have
it on site and where it goes once we are nished
using it. The primary emphasis is on reducing
dependence on municipally supplied potable
water for irrigation, the transportation of waste
using potable water and overall water conser-
vation. Through integrated design we can see
relationships between the Sustainable Sites Cat-
egory in LEED and the water conservation goals
and intents of the Water Efciency category.
Rainwater harvesting can reduce the reliance on
conventional civil infrastructure while contribut-
ing to the need for irrigation, if there is one. Or,
the reductions on potable water demand due to
more water efcient bathroom or restroom x-
tures can lessen the need for transporting waste
while integrating well with an on site grey water
separation and treatment facility.
In LEED Version 3, 2009, the Water Efciency
Category carries a Prerequisite and ten possible
points. WE Prerequisite1Water Use Reduction
– 20% is based on the previous WE Credit One
- 20% Reduction based on the Energy Policy Act
of 1992. In the new version project teams must
achieve a minimum 20% reduction in water use
below that allowed in the Energy Policy Act of
1992 in order to meet WE Prerequisite 1 Water
Use Reduction – 20%. In addition, LEED 2009
awards two points to each credit in the Water
Efciency category, doubling that available in
LEED Version 2.2, 2007.
As with the LEED Sustainable Sites Category,
the LEED Water Efciency credits are not spe-
cic to modular building. WE Credits 1.1 and
1.2 associated with reducing potable water de-
mand for irrigation are a matter of resource ef-
cient landscaping and site water management
in any project. All construction whether con-
ventional or modular can include the principles,
practices and products associated with water
conservation and site water management. Rain
water harvesting systems can be integrated into
modular building designs. Ecologically sensi-
tive landscaping, intelligent plant selection, in-
tegrated pest management and sensitivity to the
microclimates buildings create when sited are
universal principles and practices that apply to
all construction.
WE Credit 2 – Innovative Waste Water Technology
rewards project stakeholders for utilizing xtures
that out perform the allowable water quantities
listed in the Energy Conservation Act of 1992.
This is done by conducting an inventory of those
xtures associated with ushing or transporting
waste. The xtures are inventoried and bench
marked against those in the Act. Then, substi-
tutions are made to enact a water conservation
strategy that reduces the overall need for potable
water associated with transporting waste. Points
are rewarded for achieving a 50% reduction or
more in potable water required to transport waste
below that allowed by the ow rates listed in the
Energy Conservation Act of 1992. This can be
achieved through a combination of water ef-
cient xtures and / or the utilization of rain water
or treated grey water for ushing. Estimates of
water saved from a single waterless urinal range
from 20,000 to 60,000 gallons per year depend-
ing on the location and frequency of use.
WE Credit 3.1 and WE 3.2 – Water Use Reduc-
tion recognize the potential for conserving water
in any way possible with the exclusion of pota-
ble water used for irrigation which is accounted
for in WE Credits 1.1 and 1.2. Modular build-
ing manufacturers and suppliers have embraced
many of the strategies commonly used to reduce
water consumption. Water conservation and the
ability to implement these strategies in modular
construction is well known and largely a matter
of choice. Current products are durable, reliable
attractive and reasonably priced.
WE Credit 3.3 – Process Use Water Reduction is
specic to LEED for Schools. It is intended to
reward any effort to aggregate a number of wa-
ter conservation opportunities commonly found
in schools. If these uses are housed in modular
building units then they are in play just as they
would be for any other building type.
Water conservation and the LEED Water Ef-
ciency credits are gaining in priority and applica-
tion as the awareness of the importance of water
and, in some cases, growing shortages emerge.
Water Efficiency
and Modular Building
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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Water conservation is one of the hallmarks of
high performance green buildings and one area
where modular building can enjoy the same
benets as conventional construction. Several
modular construction manufacturers currently
list water conservation and LEED Water Ef-
ciency credit compliance as part of their mar-
keting effort. At the same time modular build-
ing advocates need to be aware of the integrated
design implications for whole building and total
site water management to insure the completed
design meshes site water harvesting opportuni-
ties with current water conservation and water
management strategies. The modular building
industry can benet by studying the art and sci-
ence of stormwater management to better par-
ticipate in LEED discussions centering on how
a building should be sited, how retention ponds,
rain gardens and other site amenities contribute
to LEED credits with open space requirements.
Modular construction that anticipates inclusion
in projects with rain water harvesting is best if
it has anticipated the detailing, structural loads
and system interfaces that are part of the build-
ing and site engineering necessary to be part of
the overall systems integration.
Contest Aims to Green Senior Living
Modular Building Institute Extends Annual Award Contest for a
Real-World Application
In 2008 MBI’s Awards of Distinction contest proposed a real-world
scenario aimed at delivering a sustainable design to deserving
community populations.
Students from eligible schools of design, architecture and
engineering submitted their plans for a community center of a
senior population called The Meadows, located in Crozet, Va. The
Meadows provides low-income housing to people ages 62 and
older.
The winning entry, pictured here, was submitted by Ball State
architecture student Tyler Stanley. Stanley’s 4,900-sf design
capitalizes on some of the greenest aspects of modular
construction: use of recycled materials and reduced waste from
off-site construction.
MBI’s student design competition offered a challenge to architecture students for a real-world
scenario. The winning entry (pictured here) came from Tyler Stanley of Ball State University. The
senior community center’s green features include: Low to no emitting materials; no VOC paint and
carpets; double-pane, low E windows; sound absorbing gypsum for reduce noise pollution; LED
lighting and low-energy appliances; and, a vegetative roof.
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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www.modular.org :: 2009 :: The Modular Building Institute
C
urrent literature supports the fact that
energy conservation and the attendant
reduction in building operating costs are
two of the major drivers in the high performance
green building movement. LEED recognizes the
history of the energy conservation movement as
the energy crises of the 1970s and the tools that
have been developed to model energy use reduc-
tion via building envelope and building energy
systems optimization since that time. LEED
also recognizes the ongoing connection between
the production of primary power via fossil fuels
and the consequences for air pollution, global
warming and ozone protection. Increasing en-
ergy costs and growing concern about energy
availability and security are sure to keep the in-
terest in energy conservation and renewable or
alternative energy sources in the forefront of the
high performance green building movement.
All of the Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisite
and Credit opportunities can be applied directly
to modular construction projects. While this is
true of conventional construction modular build-
ing has a number of potential advantages if the
industry chooses to pursue them. Modular con-
struction that uses structural insulated panels or
SIPS can produce relatively high R-values and
low inltration rates if fabricated and construct-
ed with good quality control. Steel and alumi-
num stud frame construction can also produce
energy efcient units if care is taken to insure
proper installation techniques and air sealing.
High performance windows contribute to the
pursuit of high performance building envelopes
in each case as do proper air sealing procedures
and quality entrance systems. Several modular
building manufactures tout superior energy con-
servation and reduced operating costs as a func-
tion of quality control in factory environments
as opposed to conventional construction where
both labor and materials can be subject to the
inuence of weather.
The following discourse summarizes the rela-
tionship of modular building and the LEED En-
ergy and Atmosphere Prerequisites and Credits.
EA Prerequisite 1 – Fundamental Commission-
ing of the Building Energy Systems
Commissioning is the art and science of using
diagnostic tools, experience and building fo-
rensic knowledge to guarantee to the greatest
extent possible that a building will perform and
be operated and maintained as it was intended.
LEED requires fundamental commissioning of
the HVAC and controls, lighting and controls,
domestic hot water systems and renewable en-
ergy systems if they are included. Commission-
ing differs from traditional testing and balancing
or the start up primary space conditioning equip-
ment by manufacturer suppliers or subcontrac-
tors in that commissioning must insure that all
systems are working collectively as intended. In
the case of modular building commissioning is
assumed to be applied to a nished project.
If a modular building is fully assembled prior to
delivery and the systems that must be commis-
sioned are installed and operational most funda-
mental commissioning activities can take place
in the factory. However, the modular building
is subject to additional commissioning activi-
ties if connecting to the civil infrastructure, site
mounted renewable energy systems, site water
supply pressure testing, etc. These activities can
only happen in the eld and are required for a
complete commissioning report.
It should be noted that beyond the traditional
commissioning activities themselves LEED re-
quires the following:
1. Designate an individual as the commissioning
agent to lead, review and oversee the comple-
tion of the commissioning process activities.
a. The commissioning authority shall have
documented commissioning authority ex-
perience in at least two projects of similar
scale, scope and complexity.
b. The individual serving as the Commission-
ing authority shall be independent of the
project’s design and construction manage-
ment, though they may be employees of the
rms providing those services. The com-
missioning authority may be a qualied em-
ployee or consultant of the Owner.
c. The commissioning agent shall report the re-
sults, ndings and recommendations directly
to the owner.
d. For projects smaller than 50,000 square feet,
the commissioning agent may include quali-
ed persons on the design or construction
teams who have the required experience.
2. The Owner shall document the Owner’s Proj-
ect Requirements (OPR). The design team
shall develop the Basis of Design (BOD). The
Energy and Atmosphere
and Modular Building
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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commissioning authority shall review these
documents for clarity and completeness. The
Owner and design team shall be responsible
for updates to their respective documents.
3. Develop and incorporate commissioning re-
quirements into the construction documents.
4. Develop and implement a commissioning
plan.
5. Verify the installation and performance of the
systems to be commissioned.
6. Complete a summary commissioning report.
Lastly it may be possible that the completed
modular unit which has been commissioned
largely in the factory is still a subassembly in
a larger completed project. In this case all of
the modular building commissioning activities
will be part of a more comprehensive commis-
sioning plan and will have to be coordinated
accordingly. One of the most important roles a
commissioning authority has when a project in-
volves modular buildings is to act as the liaison
between the modular building manufacturing
plant and the construction site. The commis-
sioning plan should address how commissioning
activities that vary in scope and location will be
coordinated and reported.
EA Prerequisite 2 – Minimum Energy Perfor-
mance
In LEED 2009, all LEED projects are subject
to exceeding the minimum energy performance
criteria set forth in Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4,
9.4, and 10.4 of ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 – 2007
without amendments as well as the prescriptive
requirements of Sections 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 9.5
without amendments by 10% for new construc-
tion and 5% for major renovations. The reader
is referred to ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 2007 for a
complete description of the requirements. Gen-
erally the building categories are:
Section5 – Building envelope
Section 6 – Heating, Ventilating and Air Con-
ditioning (including parking garage ventilation,
freeze protection, exhaust air recovery and con-
denser heat recovery)
Section7 – Service water heating
Section8 – Power (including all building power
distribution systems)
Section9 – Lighting (including exit signs, build-
ing exterior. Grounds and parking garages)
Section 10 – Other Equipment (including all
permanently wired electric motors)
It is quite common for municipalities to base
their building code requirements on ASHRAE
standards and references. In this case the modu-
lar buildings in question are assumed to be per-
manently installed on foundations not meant to
facilitate removal or frequent relocation.
EA Prerequisite 3 – Fundamental Refrigerant
Management
This prerequisite prohibits the use of CFC
– based refrigerants in new building HVAC&R
systems. These refrigerants are not permitted in
new construction in the US but may be present
in central plants that modular buildings are ser-
viced by. If this is the case the project using the
modular building serviced by the central plant
must obtain an inspection of the central plant as
well as a commitment to phase out the equipment
using CFCs in the central plant over time. Each
is weighed on its merits.
EA Credit 1 – Optimum Energy Performance
This credit is based on meeting all the require-
ments of EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum En-
ergy Performance which mandates exceeding
ASHRAE 90.1 2007 minimum energy perfor-
mance requirements by 10% for new construc-
tion. In Version 3, 2009, LEED provides an op-
portunity to obtain up to twenty one points for
new construction by computer modeling the pro-
posed design against a base case building using
Appendix G of ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1 – 2007.
Once the base case is created and an annual op-
erating budget is established the design team is
tasked with creating a design case building that
reduces the annual operating budget by at least
12% below that required for the base case build-
ing before points can be scored. Projects whose
yearly operating budget for energy is 12% below
the Base Building modeling as established by
Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1 2007 can score
the minimum two points. Projects with yearly
energy operating budgets forty eight percent or
more below the Base Building estimate are eli-
gible for nineteen points.
It is important to note that the modular building
in question must be modeled in the context of
the site and the nal design. This exercise can-
not be done remotely or theoretically in the fac-
tory. This is because energy performance and the
criteria that LEED requires to be considered are
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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dependent in whole or in part on nal building
orientation, passive solar and natural ventilation
contributions, site lighting, occupancy and mi-
croclimate conditions that effect yearly energy
use.
In large projects energy modeling using DOE.2e
or other sophisticated modeling software is used.
In smaller projects more prescriptive measures
can be used based on several ASHRAE publica-
tions such as the Advanced Buildings Core Per-
formance Guide. The LEED Reference Guide
contains an extensive discussion of what evalu-
ation procedures are most appropriate and what
is acceptable as building envelope, building sys-
tems, site and occupancy variables.
EA Credit 2 – On-Site Renewable Energy Sys-
tems
Once the yearly operating budget of the design
case building has been determined using the
procedures contained in EA Credit 1 the proj-
ect team can address meeting the annual energy
demands of the project with renewable energy
sources and building systems. LEED considers
the following systems eligible for consideration
in this credit:
Photovoltaic systems
Solar thermal Systems
Bio-fuel based electrical systems
Geothermal heating systems (Geothermal
heat pumps are excluded but their benets
are considered in EA Credit 1 – Optimum
Energy Performance)
Geothermal electrical systems
Low impact hydro electric power systems
Wave and tidal systems
For EA Credit 2 these systems are generally con-
sidered to be located on site and dedicated to the
subject project. Systems such as photovoltaics
and solar domestic water heating systems can
have their internal components installed in the
modular building factory but nal assembly of
the collectors or PV arrays is typically done in
the eld. This is certainly true of any array that
is site mounted or part of a larger central array
dedicated to more than one modular building.
Renewable energy systems can be applied to
any building construction type and are being
found increasing frequently in modular build-
ing projects. Integrated design is driving design
trends that install relatively small-scale PV pan-
els as window shading devices. Other eligible
systems such as low impact hydro dams, while
contributing to the credit, are clearly a matter of
site selection and proximity. The contribution of
these systems to the reduction of the annual en-
ergy costs are reected in the energy modeling
or prescriptive approaches to energy cost calcula-
tions found in EA Credit 1. EA Credit 2 Renew-
able Energy points are rewarded for displacing
conventional fuels and the attendant reduction in
yearly energy costs on a graduated scale. The
percentage listed in the title of the credits refers
to the reduction in dollars below the yearly en-
ergy cost in dollars for the base building modeled
in Appendix G or through some other prescrip-
tive method. They are:
1% Renewable Energy 1 Point
5% Renewable Energy 3 Points
9% Renewable Energy 5 Points
13% Renewable Energy 7 Points
EA Credit 3 – Enhanced Commissioning
LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 3.
Enhanced commissioning is related to the basic
commissioning required for all LEED projects in
EA Perquisite 1. In addition to the basic require-
ments inherent in EA Prerequisite I the commis-
sioning authority must also:
1. Conduct a minimum of one commissioning de-
sign review of the Owners Program Require-
ments (OPR), the Basis of Design (BOD),
and design documents prior to the mid-docu-
ments production phase. A back check of the
remarks and responses to the design reviews
must be included in subsequent phases.
2. The Commissioning authority shall also re-
view contractor submittals concurrent with
the A/E reviews. Findings must go directly to
the owner.
3. Develop a systems manual that provides fu-
ture operating staff the information needed to
understand and properly operate the commis-
sioned systems.
4. Verify the requirements for staff training and
operating personnel have been completed.
5. Participate in a review of the building opera-
tion within 10 months of substantial comple-
tion.
As in the EA Prerequisite 1 – Fundamental Build-
ing Systems Commissioning enhanced commis-
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sioning activities and responsibilities may be
split between the manufacturing plant and the
construction site. The commissioning plan must
reect how commissioning activities will be co-
ordinated. And, systems that are assembled or
sub-assembled at the factory which become part
of the permanent installation must be commis-
sioned as part of the nished installation.
EA Credit 4 – Enhanced Refrigerant Manage-
ment
LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 4.
LEED rewards project teams that make respon-
sible choices regarding the selection, installation
and maintenance of refrigerants. This credit
opportunity is not specic to modular building
but is a function of space conditioning equip-
ment and the refrigerant choices that accompany
them. The point for this credit is obtained by not
using refrigerants or by selecting one that has the
qualities and attributes of being efcient while
minimizing the potential for ozone depletion and
global warming should the refrigerant wear out
prematurely, require difcult or dangerous main-
tenance or escape to the atmosphere. R410A or
Puron is preferable to R12 or R22. A LEED
point is rewarded for selecting a refrigerant that
balances these criteria and still meets equipment
performance and warranty requirements.
EA Credit 5 – Measurement and Verication
LEED 2009 awards three points for EA Credit
5. Measurement and Verication is a process by
which the operation and associated energy per-
formance of a completed project is monitored for
at least one year using the processes and prac-
tices set forth in the International Performance
and Measurement & Verication Protocol (IP-
MVP) Volume III. The IPMVP allows the use
of two protocols, Option B and D respectively
depending on the complexity of the project and
the number of systems that use energy.
While this credit is not specic to modular build-
ing project teams need to understand the require-
ment of the credit as it related to the installed
controls, sensors, data acquisition systems and
other performance indicators the IPMVP proto-
cols involve. Obtaining this point may require
coordination between the modular building sup-
plier and the HVAC and / or the mechanical,
electrical and plumbing engineers. The intention
is to acquire sufcient building systems data to
verify the building is performing as anticipated.
In this regard this credit is often evaluated as a
compliment to the commissioning activities that
are taking place in the same time period, espe-
cially if Enhanced Commissioning activities are
taking place.
The work associated with obtaining this cred-
it can be relatively simple if the structures are
modest in scale and the systems are limited and
straight forward. Many modular building appli-
cations be they classrooms or small ofce are in
this category. Modular buildings of this type are
often single zone structures with dedicated space
conditioning systems and simple controls.
EA Credit 6 – Green Power
LEED 2009 awards two points for EA Credit 6.
Green Power refers to electrical energy generat-
ed off site using criteria established by the Center
for Resource Solutions (CRS) Green-e products
certication requirements. Projects are rewarded
one LEED point for contracting for at least 35%
of the project’s electrical requirements for two
years. A second point is available if the contract
doubles to 70% for the same two year period.
This credit is not specic to modular buildings
sans for the indirect implication that very energy
efcient modular buildings can reduce the actual
kW required per year, hence lowering the per-
centage of Green Power that is contracted for.
The literature supports the fact that modular
buildings can be very energy and resource ef-
cient. Competitions now showcase the vari-
ous ways in which modular building suppliers
are incorporating energy and water conserving
equipment and features in completed projects.
Stakeholders representing modular buildings in
LEED applications need to have an appreciation
for which activities are joined in the manufactur-
ing facility and which are a function of outside
collaborations and team member participation.
It must also be noted that unless the modular unit
represents the entire nished project, modular
sub assemblies and modular units that comprise
a portion of a larger whole project are evaluated
against the energy performance of the project as
a whole.
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MODULAR BUILDING AND THE USGBC’S LEED™ BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
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M
odular building by nature is material
and resource efcient. One of the great
economies of modular building is the
ability to assemble repetitive units in controlled
conditions. Another is to minimize material
waste associated with conventional construction
due to weather intrusion and construction site
theft. Modular components and subassemblies
that exhibit controlled tolerances can be coordi-
nated into larger projects. Whole modular units
—largely nished prior to arriving at the con-
struction site—can signicantly limit construc-
tion waste generated at the site and contribute
directly to construction site waste management.
LEED rewards projects for recognizing where
materials come from, how they are used on site,
whether or not they are salvaged during renova-
tions, and how the residual waste stream is man-
aged. Special recognition is given to using ex-
isting buildings, materials with recycled content
and those that are mined, harvested, extracted
and assembled within 500 miles of the construc-
tion site. Finally LEED rewards projects that
use products grown using good stewardship
practice, and are lightly processed or have low
embodied energy.
In order to accurately evaluate the role of materi-
als and resources in modular building and LEED
projects the following must be understood:
There are no LEED certied products
A product can not give a LEED project
points
A product can contribute toward or comply
with LEED credit requirements
In LEED products fall into two categories: Con-
tribution Credits and Compliance Credits.
Contribution Credits require a calculation to de-
termine what percentage of the project’s materi-
als meet the requirement set forth by the LEED
rating system that the project team is applying
for certication. Compliance Credits require all
related materials to meet a certain requirement
set forth by the standard. All products related
to the credit must all pass the standard. These
credits are pass or fail.
In order to facilitate the LEED application the
modular component or modular unit manufac-
ture must be intimately familiar with the nature,
source and manufacturing processes associated
with the materials assembled in the modular
building entity in question. This will be discussed
further in the Credit interpretations below. The
reader is invited to study the LEED Reference
Guide for the LEED rating system being used for
a more complete discourse on the subjects of ma-
terials and resources.
The Prerequisite and LEED Credit opportunities
in the Materials and Resources section are:
MR Prerequisite 1 – Storage and Collection of
Recyclables
This prerequisite is common to all LEED projects
and not specic to modular building. The project
team must illustrate how glass, aluminum, paper,
corrugated cardboard, and plastic are collected,
stored and then removed from the project site
whether or not a municipal waste collection pro-
gram is in place. This is typically the responsibil-
ity of the design team.
MR Credit 1.1 – Building Reuse, Maintain
75% of Existing Walls Floors and Roof
MR Credit 1.2 – Building Reuse, Maintain
95% of Existing Walls Floors and Roof
MR Credit 1.3 – Building Reuse, Maintain
50% of Interior Non Structural Elements
These credits only apply to LEED projects that
involve existing buildings. In LEED 2009 MR
Credit 1.1 is awarded two points. It is possible
that the existing building in question is a modu-
lar building. It is also possible that the project
involves adding modular buildings or new con-
struction that contains modular components to an
existing building. In each case an inventory of
the building(s) is conducted to calculate the per-
centage of each involved. These credits stay in
play unless the new construction being added to
the existing building (if any) exceeds the size of
the existing building by two hundred percent, at
which point these credits drop out and the exist-
ing building materials segue into MR Credits 2.1
and 2.2, Construction Waste Management.
Materials and Resources
and Modular Building
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